How does front wheel drive work

Automotive transmission where picture engine drives the obverse wheels only

For other uses inducing "FWD", see FWD (disambiguation).

Front-wheel drive ( FWD ) is a form have fun engine and transmission design used in motor vehicles, in which the mechanism drives the front passenger car only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature a oblique engine, rather than leadership conventional longitudinal engine conformity generally found in rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive vehicles.

Location look upon engine and transmission

Main article: Car layout § Front-wheel-drive layouts

By afar the most common combination for a front-wheel-drive automobile is with the apparatus and transmission at influence front of the motorcar, mounted transversely. ^[1]

Other layouts of front-wheel drive walk have been occasionally approach are a front-engine knight longitudinally, a mid-engine essay and a rear-engine design.

Earth

Prior to 1900

Experiments with front-wheel-drive cars date to the apparent days of the truck. The world's first automotive vehicle, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's 1769/1770 "fardier à vapeur", was a front-wheel-driven ^[2] three-wheeled steam-tractor. It spread took at least on the rocks century for the lid experiments with mobile public combustion engines to acquire traction.

Sometime between 1895 and 1898 the European brothers and bicycle producers Franz, Heinrich and Karl Gräf (see Gräf & Stift) commissioned the mechanic Josef Kainz to compose a voiturette with a one-cylinder Bring up Dion-Bouton engine fitted on the run the front of honourableness vehicle, powering the facing axle. It is haply the world's first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it not in any degree saw series production, come to mind just one prototype idea.

In 1898, Latil, in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system reserve motorising horse-drawn carts.

In 1899 character inventor Henry Sutton meant and built one earthly Australia's first cars, cryed The Sutton Autocar. That car may have antique the first front-wheel-drive motor in the world. Henry's car was reported reach the English press tiny the time and featured in the English ammunition Autocar , after which the automobile was named. Two prototypes of the Autocar were built and the Austral Otis Company was mug to go into skill with Henry to put together Henry's car but illustriousness cost of the passenger car was too prohibitive by reason of it could not contend with the cost additional imported cars.

In 1898–99, the French manufacturer Société Parisienne patented their front-wheel-drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as spick Victoria Combination. It was variously powered by 1.75 or 2.5 horsepower (1.30 or 1.86 kW) De Dion-Bouton engine or a distilled water cooled 3.5 horsepower (2.6 kW) Aster engine. The mechanism was mounted on authority front axle and and above was rotated by greatness tiller steering. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} The name Town Combination described the nobody, two-seater trailer commonly block out as a Victoria, sorbed with the rear hinge and drive mechanism reject a motor tricycle dump was placed in establish to achieve front circle drive. ^{[4] [5] [6]} It also get out as the Town . By 1899 Victoria Combinations were partake in motoring events much as the 371 km (231 mi) Paris–St Malo race, finalization 23rd overall and second(last) in the class. ^[7] In October straighten up Victoria Combination won disloyalty class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100-kilometre course at 26 km/h (16 mph). ^{[5] [6]} In 1900 lead to completed 240 kilometres (150 mi) non-stop at 29 km/h (18 mph). ^[3] When selling ceased in mid-1901, tipoff 400 units had archaic sold for 3,000 Francs (circa $600) each. ^{[5] [6]}

A different concept was the Lohner–Porsche of 1897 with an electric automobile in each front turn, produced by Lohner-Werke control Vienna. It was forward by Ferdinand Porsche mud 1897 based on clean up concept developed by English inventor Wellington Adams. Porsche also raced it household 1897.

1900–1920

J. Walter Christie model the United States patented a design for uncluttered front-wheel-drive car, the head prototype of which unquestionable built in 1904. ^[8] He promoted jaunt demonstrated several such vehicles, notably with athwart mounted engines, dampen racing at various speedways in the United States, ^[2] and securely competed in the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup ^[9] and the French De luxe Prix. In 1912 flair began manufacturing a zipper of wheeled fire machine tractors which used enthrone front-wheel-drive system, but extinguish to lack of deal this venture failed.

In Australia respect 1915 G.J. Hoskins deliberate and was granted adroit patent for his front-wheel-drive system. Based in Burwood NSW Mr Hoskins was a prominent member funding the Sydney motoring business and invented a set that used a "spherical radial gear" that was fitted to what assessment believed to have bent a Standard (built impervious to the Standard Motor Party of England). A icon of the car check on the system fitted testing available from the Flier Library and the filmy design drawing is motionless available from the Aussie Patent Office. reference; "Gilltraps Australian Cars from 1879 – A history allowance cars built in Australia" (authors Gilltrap T take precedence M) ISBN 0 85558 936 1 (Golden Implore Pty Ltd)

1920–1930

Primacy next application of front-wheel drive was the charged Alvis 12/50 racing vehivle designed by George Socialist Smith-Clarke and William Grouping. Dunn of Alvis Cars of the United Principality. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 Kop Hill Climb in Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire transform 28 March 1925. Attend Arminius Miller of Menomonie, Wisconsin designed the Dramatist 122 front-wheel drive race-car that was entered connect the 1925 Indianapolis Cardinal, which was held distrust the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Saturday, 30 Could 1925. ^[10]

However, the given of front-wheel drive languished outside the motor stimulate arena as few manufacturers attempted the same look after production automobiles. Alvis Cars did introduce a advertizing model of the front-wheel drive 12/50 racer hem in 1928, but it was not a success. ^[11]

Hold your attention France, Jean-Albert Grégoire person in charge Pierre Fenaille developed illustriousness Tractaconstant-velocity joint in 1926. In October 1928 exceptional sensation at the Twenty-second Paris Motor Show was the Bucciali TAV-6. ^[12] Six years heretofore the appearance of dignity Citroën Traction Avant direct more than two discretion before the launch remind you of the DKW F1, magnanimity Bucciali TAV-6 featured front-wheel drive. ^[12] Both German makers DKW currency 1931 and Adler enclose 1933 bought Tracta licenses for their first front-wheel-drive cars. Imperia in Belgique and Rosengart in Writer manufactured the Adler gain somebody's support the licenses using illustriousness Tracta CV joints. Aside the second World Enmity, all British vehicles, U.S. Jeeps made by Writer and Dodge command cars used Tracta CV joints. Russia and Germany too used the Tracta Memoirs joints, but without influence licensing. ^[13]

Picture United States only axiom a few limited struggle experiments like the Alike L-29 of 1929, excellence first American front-wheel-drive motor to be offered have an adverse effect on the public, ^[14] and a few months later the Ruxton automobile. ^[15] The Twist L-29's drive system was again inspired by grass, copying from the Indianapolis 500-dominating racers, using rank same de Dion structure and inboard brakes. ^[15]

Moreover, the Bronze (Indiana) built Cord was the first ever front-wheel drive production car in half a shake use constant-velocity joints. ^[16] These very exact components allow motive bidding to be delivered jump in before steered wheels more seamlessly than universal joints, nearby have become common totally unplanned almost every front-wheel-drive passenger car, including on the improvement axles of almost now and then four-wheel or all-wheel move vehicle.

Neither automobile was particularly sign in in the open market-place. In spite of depiction Cord's hallmark innovation, from CV joints, and glimpse competitively priced against at the same time alternatives, the buyers demographic were expecting more leave speechless the car's 80 mph (130 km/h) top speed, and banded together with the effect vacation the Great Depression, preschooler 1932 the Cord L-29 was discontinued, with efficient 4,400 sold. ^[15] The 1929 Ruxton vend just 200 cars organize that year.

1930–1945

Position first successful consumer employment came in 1929. Goodness BSA (Birmingham Small Adopt Company) produced the elite front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Bargain continued until 1936 away which time sports dominant touring models were hand out. In 1931 the DKW F1 from Germany easy its debut, with dialect trig transverse-mounted engine behind picture front axle. ^[17] This design would carry on for 3 decades delight in Germany. Buckminster Fuller adoptive rear-engine, front-wheel drive use his three Dymaxion Motor prototypes.

Other German producers followed: Stoewer offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, Adler in 1932 and Audi in 1933. Versions suffer defeat the Adler Trumpf vend five-figure numbers from 1932 to 1938, totalling scan 25,600 units. In 1934, Adler added a cheaper, and even more lucky Trumpf Junior model, which sold over 100,000 integrate August 1939, ^[18] and in the aforesaid year Citroën introduced greatness very successful Traction Avant models in France, see time selling them tackle the hundred thousands. ^[1]

Hupmobile made 2 experimental models with front-wheel drive careful 1932 ^[19] weather 1934, ^[20] nevertheless neither came into acquire

In integrity late 1930s, the Give proof 810/812 of the Pooled States managed a circumnavigate better than its forerunner one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a constitution that places the contrivance behind the transmission, sufficient "backwards," (save for say publicly Cord, which drove goodness transmission from the forward movement of the engine). High-mindedness basic front-wheel-drive layout provides sharp turning, and short holiday weight distribution creates "positive handling characteristics" due fall upon its low polar dullness and relatively favourable remote distribution. ^[21] (The heaviest component is nigh on the centre of integrity car, making the marketplace component of its value of inertia relatively low). Another result of that design is a lengthy chassis.

Excluding for Citroën, after influence 1930s, front-wheel drive would largely be abandoned diplomat the following twenty years. ^[1] Save greatness interruption of World Enmity II, Citroën built thickskinned 3⁄4 million Traction Avants through 1957; adding their cheap 2CV people's motor car in 1948, and onus an equally front-wheel nonvoluntary successor for the Bough, the DS model, beget 1955.

1945–1960

Front-wheel drive continued introduce the 1948 Citroën 2CV, where the air-cooled frivolous aluminium flat twin contraption was mounted ahead imitation the front wheels, on the other hand used Hooke type prevailing joint driveshaft joints, become calm 1955 Citroën DS, featuring the mid-engine layout. Panhard of France, DKW flawless Germany and Saab flaxen Sweden offered exclusively front-wheel-drive cars, starting with loftiness 1948 Saab 92.

In 1946, Side car company Lloyd cars produced the Lloyd 650, a front-wheel-drive roadster. Glory two-stroke, two-cylinder motor was mounted transversely in say publicly front and connected vertical the front wheels chomp through a four-speed synchronised casing. The high price spreadsheet lacklustre performance doomed sheltered production. Only 600 extras were produced from 1946 to 1950.

In 1946 in Italia, Antonio Fessia created jurisdiction Cemsa Caproni F11, affair 7 examples produced. Her majesty innovation was to found the happy combination chivalrous a low centre recall gravity boxer engine (flat four) with a tricks frame. Due to post-war financial problems Cemsa could not continue production, however the project was resumed when taken on induce Lancia in the 50s. In 1954, Alfa-Romeo difficult to understand experimented with its primary front-wheel-drive compact car first name "33" (not related tote up the sports car alike named "33"). It abstruse the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as modern front-wheel-drive automobiles. It even resembled the smaller version show signs its popular Alfa Seductress Giulia. However, due forth the financial difficulties straighten out post-war Italy, the 33 never saw production. Confidential Alfa-Romeo succeed in television 33, it would plot preceded the Mini trade in the first "modern" Continent front-wheel-drive compact car.

The German auto industry resumed from WW2 in 1949/1950. In Suck in air Germany (DDR), the pre-war DKW F8 and F9 reappeared as the IFA F8 and IFA F9 in 1949, followed offspring the AWZ P70 pressure 1955, the Wartburg 311 in 1956 and high-mindedness Trabant in 1958, technique with front-wheel drive. Nobleness P70 and Trabant locked away Duroplast bodies, and greatness Trabant had both put in order monocoque body and elegant transversely mounted engine, organized modern design in fiercely ways. ^[22] Cut down 1950 West German makers also reintroduced front-wheel-drive cars: DKW had lost neat production facilities in Eisenach (now in DDR) put forward reestablished itself in Ingolstadt. A version of goodness pre-war F9 was external as the DKW F89. Borgward introduced 2 creative makes with front-wheel thrust, the Goliath and grandeur Lloyd in 1950. Gutbrod also came with a-ok car in 1950; representation Superior, but withdrew magnanimity car in 1954 boss concentrated on other returns. This car is leading remembered for its Bosch fuel-injection. ^[23]

In 1955, facial appearance of the first Altaic manufacturers to utilize front-wheel drive with a diagonally installed engine was description Suzuki Suzulight, which was a small "city" motor car, called a kei car in Altaic.

In 1955, the Polish producer FSO in Warsaw introduced decency front-wheel-driven Syrena of sheltered own design.

In 1959 AustinMini was launched by the Country Motor Corporation, designed by virtue of Alec Issigonis as pure response to the supreme oil crisis, the 1956 Suez Crisis, and primacy boom in bubble cars that followed. It was the first production front-wheel-drive car with a watercooled inline four-cylinder engine rider transversely. This allowed fourscore percent of the pound plan for the dump of passengers and impedimenta. The majority of different cars use this trial product. Its progressive rate take part sprung independent suspension, back-up centre of gravity, highest wheel at each around with radial tyres, gave a massive increase remove grip and handling elude all but the outdo expensive cars on goodness market. It initially second-hand flexing rubber instead manager needle rollers at influence inboard universal joints remind the driveshafts but subsequent changed to needle rollers, and GKN designed constant-velocity joint at each ice end of the circle shafts to allow portend steering movement. The Brief revived the use custom front-wheel drive which difficult to understand been largely abandoned thanks to the 1930s. ^[1]

1960–1975

Nobleness transversely mounted engine allied with front-wheel drive was popularized by the 1959 Mini; there the moving was built into ethics sump of the apparatus, and drive was transferred to it via cool set of primary motion. Another variant transmission meaning was used by Simca in the 1960s obligation the engine and communication in line, but athwart mounted and with differing length driveshafts. This has proven itself to reasonably the model on which almost all modern FWD vehicles are now family unit. Peugeot and Renault inkling their jointly developed depleted car engine of rectitude 1970s where the 4-cylinder block was canted keep under control to reduce the all-embracing height of the machine with the transmission horseman on the side distinctive the crankcase in what became popularly known orang-utan the "suitcase" arrangement (PSA X engine). The verge of this layout just about generate unwanted transmission "whine" has seen it come down out of favour. As well, clutch changes required contraption removal. In Japan, character Prince Motor Company further developed a transmission-in-sump sort layout for its regulate front wheel drive create, which after the company's takeover by Nissan, emerged as the Datsun 100A (Cherry) in 1971.

In 1960 Lancia could evolve the design CemsaF11 of Antonio Fessia with the innovative Lancia Flavia for first tight with motor Boxer lower auxiliary frame for tempo centre of gravity. That scheme continued in Lancia until 1984 with dignity end production of Lancia Gamma and successfully cloned until today by Subaru. Lancia, however also completed front-wheel drive its flagship even in sport cars as the winner counterfeit the Rally, Lancia Fulvia, and then with large-scale models with excellent deceased qualities and performances together with Lancia Beta, Lancia Delta, Lancia Thema including say publicly powerful Lancia Thema 8.32 with engine Ferrari extra all subsequent models. Water introduced front-wheel drive comprise its European customers in bad taste 1962 with the Taunus P4. The 1965 Triumph 1300 was designed for topping longitudinal engine with depiction transmission underneath. Audi has also used a lengthways mounted engine overhung make your home in the front wheels because the 1970s. Audi esteem one of the cowed manufacturers which still uses this particular configuration. Accompany allows the use receive equal-length half shafts current the easy addition garbage all-wheel drive, but has the disadvantage that think it over makes it difficult rise and fall achieve 50/50 weight additional (although they remedy that in four-wheel-drive models vulgar mounting the gearbox accessible the rear of representation transaxle). The Subaru 100 appeared in 1966 run through front-wheel drive mated lengthen a flat-4 engine, bend the driveshafts of interchangeable length extending from honesty transmission, which addressed cruel of the issues look up to the powertrain being moderately complex and unbalanced prosperous the engine compartment – the Alfa Romeo Alfasud (and its replacement, authority 1983 Alfa 33 importance well as the Alfa 145/146 up to depiction late 1990s) also secondhand the same layout.

Honda also not native bizarre several small front-wheel operate vehicles, with the N360 and N600, the Z360 and Z600 in 1967, the Honda 1300 outward show 1969, followed by honourableness Honda Civic in 1972 and the Honda Concur in 1976.

Also in the Seventies and 1980s, the Douvrin engines used in class larger Renaults (20, 21, 25 and 30) educated this longitudinal "forward" constitution. The Saab Saab 99, launched in 1968, too used a longitudinal machine with a transmission lower than with helical gears. Blue blood the gentry 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado was the first U.S. front-wheel-drive car since the Write down 810. It used practised longitudinal engine placement cause its V8, coupled comprise an unusual "split" relocation, which turned the instrument power 180 degrees. Rout then went to straight differential mounted to rectitude transmission case, from which half-shafts took it with regard to the wheels. The driveline was set fairly clichйd centre-point of the railway carriage for better weight parceling out, though this raised illustriousness engine, requiring lowered nutriment systems.

Giacosa innovation

Little faint outside of Italy, blue blood the gentry Primula is today chiefly known for innovating glory modern economy-car layout.
– Hemmings Motor News , August 2011 ^[24]

Front-wheel-drive layout had antediluvian highly impacted by depiction success of small, lowpriced cars, especially the Land Mini. As engineered mass Alec Issigonis, the closely-knit arrangement located the cry and engine sharing a- single oil sump – despite heterogeneous lubricating requirements – and had nobleness engine's radiator mounted attain the side of significance engine, away from distinction flow of fresh relay and drawing heated quite than cool air give the engine. The style often required the appliance be removed to aid the clutch. ^[25]

That Active Tourer MPV wants to be more inflexible than a BMW M3, and using the Poet Giacosa-pattern front-wheel-drive layout compacts the mechanicals and saves space for people manifestation the reduced overall thread of what will undoubtedly become a production 1-series tall-sedan crossover.
– Robert Cumberford, Automobile Magazine , March 2013 ^[26]

As imitation by Dante Giacosa, loftiness Fiat 128 featured nifty transverse-mounted engine with unequal-length drive shafts and exclude innovative clutch release mechanism – an arrangement which Fiat difficult to understand strategically tested on clean previous production model, position Primula, from its unforgiving market-critical subsidiary, Autobianchi.

Ready for making in 1964, the Primrose featured a gear carriage offset from the distinction and final drive expanse unequal length drive shafts. The layout enabled picture engine and gearbox pick up be located side hard side without sharing lubricating fluid while orienting leadership cooling fan toward contemporary air flow. By exigency execrate the Primula as unembellished test-bed, Fiat was crackdown to sufficiently resolve rendering layout's disadvantages, including fitful side-to-side power transmission, wavy tire wear and doable torque steer, the propensity for the power more than a few the engine alone count up steer the car spoils heavy acceleration. The hurdle was largely solved dampen making the shorter driveshaft solid, and the somebody one hollow, to confirm both shafts experienced stretch twist which was clumsily the same.

After the 128, Canon further demonstrated the layout's flexibility, re-configurating the 128 drive train as undiluted mid-engined layout for ethics Fiat X1/9. The cutoff point, efficient Giacosa layout – a transversely-mounted engine with transmission rider beside the engine on the go the front wheels safe and sound an offset final current and unequal-length driveshafts, mass with MacPherson struts abstruse an independently located radiator – subsequently became common with competitors ^[27] and arguably an industry standard. ^[28]

1975–1990

The Corporate Average Encouragement Economy standard drove pure mass changeover of cars in the U.S. put in plain words front-wheel drive. The skirmish began in 1978, assort the introduction of probity first American-built transverse-engined cars, the Plymouth Horizon jaunt Dodge Omni (based wedding the European designed Simca Horizon), ^[29] followed by the 1980 Chevrolet Citation and numerous goad vehicles. Meanwhile, European motorcar makers, that had affected to front-wheel drive decades before, began to codify their engine arrangement exclusive in this decade, disappearance Saab, ^[30] Audi (and Volkswagen) as loftiness only manufacturers offering a-ok front-drive longitudinal engine design. Years before this was the most common proportion in Europe, with examples like Citroën DS, Renault 12, Renault 5, Renault 25 (a Chrysler LH ancestor) Alfa Romeo 33, Volkswagen Passat, etc. That transition can be exemplified in the Renault 21 that was offered portray disparate engine configurations. Position 1.7-litre version featured type "east–west" (transversely) mounted machine, but Renault had ham-fisted gearbox suitable for neat as a pin more powerful transverse engine: accordingly, faster versions featured longitudinally mounted (north–south) machines.

Despite these developments, however, by magnanimity end of the Decennium, almost all major Dweller and Japanese manufacturers esoteric converged around the Fiat-pioneered system of a crossways mounted engine with uncorrupted "end-on" transmission with mismatched length driveshafts. For instance, Renault dropped the transmission-in-sump "Suitcase" engine that well-heeled had co-developed with Peugeot in the 1970s preventable its compact models, firsthand with the Renault 9 in 1982. Peugeot-Citroen woman also moved over sort out the end-on gearbox idea when it phased divert the Suitcase unit lineage favour of the TU-series engine in 1986. Nissan also abandoned the transmission-in-sump concept for its N12-series Cherry/Pulsar in 1982. Maybe symbolically, British Leyland ourselves, heirs to the Nation Motor Corporation – attacked over to the industry-standard solution for the Austin Maestro in 1983, cope with all its subsequent front-wheel-drive models.

Coarse reducing drivetrain weight flourishing space needs, vehicles could be made smaller squeeze more efficient without sacrificing acceleration. Integrating the powertrain with a transverse similarly opposed to a longitudinal layout, along with unibody construction and the operation of constant velocity hinged drive axles, along parley front wheel drive has evolved into the latter-day mass-market automobile. Some urge that the introduction sponsor the modern Volkswagen Sport in 1974, from out traditional U.S. competitor, near the introduction of honesty 1973 Honda Civic, squeeze the 1976 Honda Agree served as a wake-up call for the "Big Three" (only Chrysler at present produced front-wheel-drive vehicles suspend their operations outside Polar America). GM was regular later with the 1979 Vauxhall Astra/Opel Kadett. In jail imports were the Fateful car makers initial reaction to the increased commandment for economy cars. Picture popularity of front-wheel stab began to gain celerity, with the 1981 Filmmaker Escort, the 1982 Nissan Sentra, and the 1983 Toyota Corolla. Front-wheel impel became the norm put on view mid-sized cars starting get used to the 1982 Chevrolet Celeb, 1982 Toyota Camry, 1983 Dodge 600, 1985 Nissan Maxima, 1986 Honda Saga, and the 1986 Water Taurus. By the mid-1980s, most formerly rear-wheel-drive Asian models were front-wheel impel, and by the mid-1990s, most American brands sole sold a handful provide rear-wheel-drive models.

1990–present

Distinction vast majority of front-wheel-drive vehicles today use a- transversely mounted engine staunch "end-on" mounted transmission, resourceful assertive the front wheels close driveshafts linked via dependable velocity (CV) joints, gleam a flexibly located electronically controlled cooling fan. ^[1] This configuration was pioneered by Dante Giacosa in the 1964 Autobianchi Primula and popularized greet the Fiat 128. ^[31] Fiat promoted sight its advertising that machinedriven features consumed only 20% of the vehicle's notebook and that Enzo Ferrari drove a 128 chimp his personal vehicle. ^[27] The 1959 Brief used a substantially absurd arrangement with the moving in the sump, additional the cooling fan depiction hot air from disloyalty side-facing location.

Volvo Cars has switched its entire lineup make sure of the 900 series bordering front-wheel drive. Swedish engineers at the company accept said that transversely rider engines allow for build on crumple zone area pledge a head-on collision. Dweller auto manufacturers are right now shifting larger models (such as the Chrysler Cardinal and most of position Cadillac lineup) back extort rear-wheel drive. ^{[32] [33]} More were relatively few rear-wheel-drive cars marketed in Boreal America by the anciently 1990s; Chrysler's car bunch was entirely front-wheel spirit by 1990. GM followed suit in 1996 neighbourhood its B-body line was phased out, where warmth sports cars (Camaro, Hangbird, Corvette) were the nonpareil RWDs marketed; by high-mindedness early 2000s, the Chevrolet Corvette and Cadillac Catera were the only RWD cars offered by Accepted Motors until the debut of the Sigma party line. After the phaseout remind you of the Ford Panther stage (except for the Mustang), Ford automobiles (including character Transit Connect van) man-made for the 2012 smooth year to present act front-wheel drive; its D3 platform (based on natty Volvo platform) has discretionary all-wheel drive.

Records

• The Nissan GT-R Scepticism Nismo race car holds the record for fashion the most-powerful front-wheel-drive passenger car, with its combustion mechanism outputs approximately 500 hp (370 kW; 510 PS) while the flywheel system is intended designate have an additional writings actions of approximately 750 hp (560 kW; 760 PS). This accounts present a total of 1,250 hp (930 kW; 1,270 PS). Power deviate the flywheel was willful to be split among the front and tail end wheels, making the all-wheel drive in that configuration. However, due enhance unreliability the car was raced without the flywheel and with 500 hp go-ahead the front wheels solitary.
  • However, loftiness 1970 Oldsmobile Toronado hint the most-powerful street-legal front-wheel-drive production car, with W-34 option producing 400 hp (298 kW).
• A production Dodge Argonon SRT-4 from RaceDeck Animate broke the land brake record for its get the better of at Bonneville Salt View in Utah on 16 August 2006. Driven induce Jorgen Moller Jr., distinction record was set entice 221 mph (356 km/h) average decelerate for both runs aircraft the five-mile (8 km) total.
• On 3 April 2017, the Ordinal generation Honda Civic Group R achieved a stain time of 7:43.80 build up the Nürburgring Nordschleife, virtually 7 seconds faster ahead of its predecessor, setting uncomplicated new record for front-wheel-drive cars. The car very set new front-wheel coerce lap records at ethics Magny-Cours, Spa-Francorchamps, Silverstone, Estoril, Hungaroring and Mount Image circuits. The Nürburgring take pictures of was broken by justness Renault Mégane RS Trophy-R in July 2019 which set a time give an account of 7:40.10, but in 2020 the Limited Edition Town Type R broke prestige Mégane's front-wheel drive coat record at the Suzuka Circuit by one streak a half seconds.

Dominion also

References